Origin of Rap Music and its Dependance on High Technology free essay sample

To link modern rap back to traditions such as jump- rope songs or the dozens is to take the art form out of its cultural context; her analysis cements rap music into its cultural milieu, excluding any exploration into historical, transactional connections between rap and past oral traditions. If we avoid looking at rap culture as a means to an end, or as an outgrowth of cultural and political circumstance, we can focus on the music itself, and aka such connective jumps more easily.Hip-hops link to technology is overly apparent, but its essentialness link to literate communication and thought may not be as significant as some would believe: Rap lyrics are oral performances that display written (literate) forms of thought and communication. (Rose 88) Roses assertion is true, for the most part; but to what extent rap music depends upon literacy for the creation of its sound and culture is debatable. We will write a custom essay sample on Origin of Rap Music and its Dependance on High Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fact that rap artists write lyrics and subsequently orally perform the texts is not sufficient grounds to sever the link between AP and non-textual royalty completely.Rose deems rap a far cry (Rose 88) from oral epic poetry; by breaking down dismissive assertions such as this one, we can expose an element of hip-hop culture that possibly transcends literate technology and the age of mechanical reproduction. In her book, Rose overlooks the cipher culture within the larger rap m USIA community. The term cipher essentially means a group of people freestyles rap lyrics one after another, in a kind of competitionfreestyles rap lyrics involves stringing verses together improvisational.The rappers try to maintain the lyrical flow by rhyming the consecutive verses as best they can, striving for the tightest off the top of the head rhyme. Freestyle sessions on urban street corners were essential to the beginnings of rap music, and the freestyle element plays a major role in todays hip-hop culture, as verified by Virginia rapper Mad Skills 1996 lyrics: Buck the bull*censored*in the cipher *censored* is true The rhymes get spit and the asss get tapped Some innings dont have jack?some innings Got contracts Representation keeping broths tighter Peace to Masc. who did time in the cipherRap music freestyle provides an interesting point of reference to royalty, in that its production involves techniqu es similar to those used by epic poets from pre-textual oral cultures. In Walter J. Ones book Royalty and Literacy, Eng details a study done by linguistic scholar Mailman Parry, and later extended by Lord, of the memorization and recitation of Homeric epics before the poems were committed to text. The question these studies attempted to answer was how could these long epics be memorized without a text? .Eng explains one of the answers found in the study: With [the epic totes] hexameters vocabulary, he could fabricate correct met racial lines without end, so long as he was dealing with traditional materials. (Eng 58) Epic oral poets had massive stores of ready-made, metered lines, and e equally massive banks of cliches and adjectives used to extol the virtues of the IR epic heroes. Since rap freestyles are improvisations, memorization and meter fitting have little or no impact on the composition of the lyrics. What concern ins freestyle artists most is rhyming the last syllables of the verses.To maintain lyrical I rhythm and rhymed verse, rap artists have an infinite store of urban slang and cliches that can be used to fit their rhyme schemes. Use of this array of vocal bulbar applies to freestyle and written verse. While try Eng not to break from their largely self-established rhythms Resembling the methods of oral p outs, rap music culture has established a vocabulary of slang and cultural refer once that is specific to the rap community, and is utilized freely by those with in it for artistic expression, as well as everyday communication.Rapper Punisher, in a freestyle done at a fast pace, exhibits the use of this type of extended communal language: Ill make it last with the cough got If not Ill blow your spot If notJoey Crack please load the clock Let these innings learn the hard way The word to God way The mother*censored*in murder mob way In addition to this extensive, community-specific vocabulary, rap acts such as Biz Marker and Dads VEX bend words and shatter established syllabic in order to f it their lyrical objectives.By using the extended language provided by rap culture, striving to fit lyrical or rhyming needs becomes a less formidable roadblock KC in the composition of written o r freestyle rap lyrics. Boasting or fluting by epic heroes is characteristic of oral epic poet rye from many oral cultures. This reciprocated verbal bragging is usually manifested in a competition between the hero and his adversary, battling to see who ca n boast the most effectively.These poetic exchanges serve the purpose of enforcer icing the heros Olympian stature, and of illustrating his skill in confrontation through the verbal battles. Walter Eng likens fluting to the Caribbean/African American verbal game called the dozensan exchange in which two men ping-upon g insults of each others mother back and forth. The thematic evolution of rap lyrics has led to rap artists often boasting of their own prowess in their rhymes.Cool G Rap paints a glamorous self-poor trait in his first solo album: And once again its big G Running the number rackets Wearing Apple jackets Fast loot tactics Im well up in the millionaire bracket Jacuzzi and saunas And eating steak at Banishes Bentleys limousine A front yard stream Thats full of piranhas Rappers extol their capabilities while laying their competitors to rest boasting about anything and everything, including lyrical skills, material lath, what weapons they claim to carry, their sexual activity, their ability to sell drugs or commit crime without going to prison, and the list goes on.With rap themes so often alluding to survival and individual prominence in urban life, rappers have, in a sense, become their own epic heroes. This theme applies so widely that the prolific rap artist often comes through as a prolific man in his lyrics. * P* In Black Noise, when Rose refers to specific rap lyrics, it is done most often to Stress the importance Of textually, authorship, and technology in the music. Rap lyrics are a critical part of a rappers identity, tryingly suggesting the importance of authorship and individuality in rap music. (Rose 95) Rose illustrates her point by using a dated L. L. Cool J song as her reference.In the lyrical excerpt the rappers identity is repeated several times, with boas ting strung throughout the rhyme. The lyrics complement what Rose has to say about authorship and individuality in rap songs; but in todays hip-hop world, such extreme egocentricity and identity propulsion in lyrics has become increasingly looked down upon and disregarded. Artists have a stronger sense of working WI thin a community today, I believe, than hey did three or four years ago. Indeed, rap artists often work to establish an identity through their lyrics, but tee actual authorship may not be as significant a motivation for this tendency as Ross e assumes.A characteristic of oral cultures and oral memory noted by Eng is the tee indecency of these cultures to slough off obsolete or dated components of tradition in order to make room for changing trends and information. As hip-hop cult re moved from the asss into the asss, certain elements of the culture were pushes d aside and forgotten, while others were remembered and maintained. In raps pa SST ten ears weve seen Performances come and go, gangster rap reach its apex, R UN D. M. C. s Aids make way for Simi n Weekends Timberlands, and KIRKS Ones 198 5 mm updated by the Beatings 1 993 Reign of the Etc. But little from the pa SST ever completely eludes the memory of rap culture. Rap has a strong sense of tradition for an art form created less than twenty years ago. Rose alludes to t he ability of sampling technology to assist in maintaining the past in rap music s present. Rap acts of today sample lyrics by Rake that were released ten yea RSI ago; although Rake hasnt made an album in four years, earning his sampled v choice today is not seen as a revival of a hip-hop image, but is taken for grant De as a continual interspersion of past and present.When rap artists perform for audiences, the link between the oral perform menace and a memorized text becomes blurred. The Dads will have the instrumental s from the mass-produced albums, but rappers rarely recite lyrics from the record deed songs verbatim. A rap artist might recite the hook, if the song has one, an d stick to a considerable portion of the original lyrics; but (like oral poets ) he will spontaneously toy with the lyricshow much and n what ways depends I argyle upon the performers mood and the audience on a given night.At a Tribe Called Quest show in 1994, rapper Fife was performing a popular track, but at a break in the track he substituted the album lyrics with something like Ill buy urn the house down like TTL. This lyrical alteration was a reference to a then- recent incident in which a member of female pop band TTL set fire to the mansion of her ex-romantic interest and N. F. L. Star Andre Orison. The reference was MIM dilate recognized, and the audience responded accordingly. However, with rap acts often falling into the web of chart-minded labels and management, rappers a re less able to Stray from their recorded product.When a rap act Sees one Of TTS records sky across the pop charts, their awareness of audience familiarity an d expectation reaches new heights as well. When the text of a song becomes IM printed on the minds of millions of people, rap acts become reluctant to break t hat chain of familiarity and identification. Mass- production technology often m taste raps oral expression into the readable, marketable form of a standardize d text. The notions of identity and tutorship in rap are largely attributable t o the wide-scale image marketing that characterizes the modern music industry.

The car planned by the company Essays

The car planned by the company Essays The car planned by the company Essay The car planned by the company Essay BMW production is committed to fulfilling premium demands related to product quality and to meeting deadlines. Some 70,000 employees in 23 locations ensure that every customer receives his or her tailor-made vehicle on time throughout the world. We do this with our Customer-oriented Sales and Production Process, or COSP for short. The principle behind COSP is that the car ordered by the customer defines the production process not the car planned by the company. In this way, the customer can make last-minute changes to the equipment and accessories theyve ordered shortly before the vehicle goes to assembly without delaying the date of delivery. The goal of BMW Group Production is to deliver the customers custom-tailored premium automobile or motorcycle by the agreed-upon deadline in our customary high quality. This claim requires us to continually develop our processes and structures further, and thus, to adapt regularly to new situations. (BMW Group, 2005) As a learning organization, the BMW Group must recognize changing demands at an early stage and orient itself rapidly and flexibly to new conditions. One example of this is our Customer-oriented sales and production process,(or KOVP as it is abbreviated in German), gives customers new dimensions of service: simple, online ordering processes at the dealers, immediate, binding order confirmation and delivery date, flexibility when changes are desired, information on order status, and on-time delivery. (BMW Group, 2005) One of KOVPs most remarkable features is its high flexibility for customers. Requests for chassis changes (including motor, color, and equipment) can be handled up until circa one week before assembly without affecting the agreed-upon delivery date. Today, up to 120,000 BMW change requests are realized per month. The tradition of quality at the BMW Group permeates all work processes of the worldwide production network. A comprehensive, multi-level quality management system ensures quality in all work processes as well as components and materials, and ultimately products. But above all, the BMW Group orients its quality management system to the needs of its customers. One foundation of Made by BMW Group is their employees. Customer-oriented thought and action abbreviated in German as KDH is part of corporation philosophy and anchors their goal of achieving perfect results in all manufacturing areas. The BMWs employees attitude to quality from the very beginning, continuing along the entire process chain, prevents mistakes and ensures continual improvement. To fulfill their customers desires as well as their demands on automobiles and motorcycles as rapidly and flexibly as possible, they continually develop and refine all processes, structures, and systems in our entire production network. Digital Manufacturing simulation technology for planning tomorrows factories has become a very important tool. The BMW group is using it intensively, for example, to design the new BMW plant in Leipzig. (BMW Group, 2005) The increasing significance of intelligent lightweight construction is causing a dramatic transformation in production technology. The BMW Groups technology centers are already developing manufacturing processes for die-cast magnesium automobile components. The centers are evaluating such components for their suitability in series production, as well as working on uses for metal foams. Early involvement in these fields enables rapid integration of new, innovative technologies in series processes. The BMW Group does not only gauge the plant of the future on its productivity and flexibility, however. It must just as equally reflect our responsibility for people and the environment. (BMW Group, 2005) The performance capability of the BMW Groups production network depends on the special commitment, identification, and know-how of its employees. In addition to future-oriented technologies and the most modern equipment, the employees are the central element in the manufacture of premium products. Systematic linking of internal and external partners as well as targeted knowledge transfer ensures both today and in the future that the customer will obtain his dream automobile by the agreed-upon delivery date and in the high quality expected of all made by BMW Group vehicles. The over 70,000 employees of the worldwide production network are united in their common enthusiasm for all of the concerns vehicles, their quest to achieve highest quality results in all working processes, and their will to make a significant contribution to the BMW Groups success now and in the future. Innovative forms of work are important factors for stimulating performance, creativity, and gratification in the workplace. The BMW Group uses over 300 successful work-schedule models. These enable the corporation to utilize its plants flexibly and react to customer as well as market demands and at the same time, to respond to the needs of its employees. (BMW Group, 2005) To improve efficient use of resources (material, energy, water) by products as well as during production, a precise balance between ecological and economical issues must be sought after. In addition to the BMW Groups recycling strategy with its core elements RDZ (German: Recycling und Demontagezentrum; English: Recycling and Disassembly Center), Design-for-Recycling, and Material Labeling, the BMW Group focuses primarily on the most efficient possible use of resources in intelligent systems. Water is the basis of all life. In production where almost one-third of all waste water accumulates they have succeeded in promoting exceptionally frugal use of water. This has been made possible by closed cooling cycles, closed-circulation water usage and waste water treatment equipment, and the use of future-oriented technologies such as powdered clear varnish as well. (BMW Group, 2005) To save energy, production uses sophisticated central routing technology, for example. This enables energy-using components to be turned on and off precisely when needed. In addition, the use of heat reclamation equipment, use of industrial waste heat, and cold generation in absorption equipment supports the development of circulation systems. This makes it possible to exploit primary energy to a high degree, ensuring an energy supply which is also environmentally friendly. (BMW Group, 2005) The BMW Group places great value on designing products which are optimized for recycling as well as separating and utilizing waste materials which accrue during production; care is taken, for example, only to transfer waste materials to recovery and cleanup partners who have passed the BMW Groups recovery audit. Our uppermost goal, however, is to not accrue waste materials in the first place. Each location has responsible employees who use a waste material information system to optimize processes and procedures. This system enables a precise overview of the flow of waste materials. This enables the continual development of further strategies for waste reduction and avoidance. (BMW Group, 2005) A sophisticated transportation logistics concept ensures optimum utilization of sea, rail and truck containers. The BMW Group also uses reusable packaging and cases to make transportation as environmentally-friendly as possible. Transport agents receive orders bundled according to volume and in most cases they are paid only for the volume transported. As a result they automatically have an incentive to organize transport services in a more efficient and environmentally-friendly manner and empty runs are avoided. Furthermore, all transport agents are bound by contract to use only trucks which comply with the latest European emissions standard. When it comes to overland transportation, the BMW Group tries to keep road haulage to a minimum and to use rail transportation where possible. Overall, more than half of all new vehicles left the plants by rail in 2007. Individual plants, such as Magna Steyr in Austria dispatch almost 90% of new vehicles to their destination by rail; in Dingolfing (Germany) and Rosslyn (South Africa) around 70% of all vehicles leave the plants by trucks. BMW plants in southern Germany receive materials from their German suppliers on logistics trains linked via five rail connections. (BMW Group, 2005) Up until now, new vehicles were protected from the elements and damage during transit by adhesive film, protective covers or wax. To establish whether this was absolutely necessary and determine the environmental impact, the BMW Group conducted an environmental performance evaluation. The study concluded that closed transport, as in covered freight cars, or open transport with subsequent cleaning of the vehicles is much better for the environment. Up to 80% of the CO2 emissions generated by application and disposal of surface protection can be prevented this way. In 2007, 72% of all vehicles were shipped without surface protection. This has dramatically reduced the use of solvents and chemicals. In the future, the BMW Group will manage with even less packaging and also further reduce the number of vehicles shipped with surface protection. (BMW Group, 2005) As far as the actual shipments are concerned, the BMW Group selects the method of transportation which produces the lowest emissions. Consequently, the shipment of goods via air freight is avoided wherever possible. Instead, the BMW Group prefers to use sea freight: In 2007, seaborne transportation made up 76. 8% of the total transportation capacity, while air freight accounted for just 0. 2%. (BMW Group, 2005) BMW recently reengineered its distribution process to reduce costs and improve response time for dealers and parts vendors. The company had used two private facilities for the distribution of new parts, motorcycles and core-parts returns. When new-parts sales began to expand, BMW sought a third-party logistics partner with the expertise and resources to manage domestic distribution of motorcycles and returns of core parts such as engines and alternators. The company chose Kuehne + Nagel, which leveraged its nationwide warehouse network to implement an efficient, cost-effective solution. (Kuehne + Nagel Contract Logistics, 2009) BMWs are distributed from two Kuehne + Nagel locations in New Jersey and California to cars, motorcycles and parts coming from Germany. Each facility inspects all the cargo for damage upon receipt. Kuehne + Nagel then store by model number, color and vehicle identification number, and ships 99 percent of all orders same-day to dealers nationwide. Access to BMWs electronic inventory system enables Kuehne + Nagel to check status of inbound shipments and report dealer deliveries. BMW core-part returns are managed by five Kuehne + Nagel multi-client facilities in Atlanta, Dallas, Chicago, Jersey City, N. J. , and Cerritos, California. Each facility processes inbound core-part shipments from dealers, and distributes returns to vendors in the U. S. and Germany. (Kuehne + Nagel Contract Logistics, 2009) For dealers, working with five centralized warehouses, instead of two, has reduced freight costs and expedited credit processing. Kuehne + Nagel maintain strict compliance with individual vendor regulations for parts and delivery. Kuehne + Nagel are now supporting record sales for BMW vehicles. Its resources and expertise in distribution have enabled BMW to: Achieve same-day turnaround on 99 percent of all orders; Reduce dealer freight costs for core-parts returns; Dedicate its private facilities to new-parts distribution; Better respond to seasonal peaks and new-product introductions (Kuehne + Nagel Contract Logistics, 2009) These resources are a big asset to BMW, says Basan, because they allow us to address issues more quickly and cost-effectively than if we were managing the jobs internally. (Fleischmann, 2006) Two automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) act as a buffer to make the delayed assignment possible. One AS/RS holds 220 car bodies while the other holds 230. As vehicles exit the paint shop, they go into the AS/RS where they are held until the assembly line is ready for them. The combination of staging in the AS/RS and delayed assignment actually increases production flexibility. BMW can now alter the build sequence until nearly the last moment to accommodate any supply chain bottlenecks. (Modern Materials Handling Staff, 2004) Another important contributor to that flexibility is the highly automated parts warehouse known as the Sequence Center adjacent to the plant. This facility receives and temporarily stages parts coming from suppliers. When the parts are needed for production, they are kitted in a specific build order, and transported by pallet conveyor through a connecting tunnel to the plant. (Modern Materials Handling Staff, 2004)

McDonald's Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

McDonald's Organizational Change - Essay Example tariffs, export fees and even import quotas. There has been a reduced restriction on the movements of capital from one country to another together with investment. These changes has increased comparative advantages of various companies that are currently rushing to open up various branches in the world as it has become easy to manage them due to increased information flow and improved technology. One of the companies that have recorded tremendous changes over the past decade is MacDonald’s company. The company deals with fast foods a sector that faces a lot of competition as result of mushrooming of food vendors both small and huge companies. As a result there was a need to change the old management system in order to install new skills that have adequate knowledge concerning the current global market. There have been an increase in the number of multinational companies that deal with fast food e.g. KFC. This has necessitated a reshuffle in the top management in order to be ab le to diversify and increase skills required in retaining the company competitiveness. The company has looked for leaders who have the latest skills and experience concerning the latest market trends (Roch & Boivin, 2010). Initially, the company agitated for individual work so that one can have an individual performance appraisal. This was meant to ensure that the employees work harder for their work to be recognized during awarding of the most hardworking person. Due to the latest organizational changes, the management has instead preferred to change this working strategy to instill teamwork. This has worked in helping the organization deal with different challenges that may face the organization. This is because team members are able to come together and bring about different ideas that can solve the current challenge. Team groups in an organization have also made it easy for the management to manage the organization easily. This is because the management is able to appoint team l eaders who report to them. The major implication of this move is that it has enabled the company to diversify its operations as the management has the opportunity to monitor the performance of other branches that are spread in different parts of the world (Huber & Glick, 1995). Macdonald has seen a tremendous change in organization culture. A culture of an organization plays a great role in setting the performance of the organization in the market. One of the major changes has been on power distance. This is the extent to which less powerful employees of the organization are treated unequally by their leaders. Initially leaders in the organization kept a distance and never related with other employees. Instead they used an intermediary or when they meet they addressed the whole group as they had no time for a single person enquiry. This created a rift between the employees and leaders an aspect that reduced the morale of the workers in the organization. This also put a barrier to em ployees who wanted to report any issue that may have been affecting the organization performance or the relation of the employees with each other. The change that has been implementation is open office policy. This is a policy which encourages any members of staff to meet the management and leadership of the company in case there is an issue or enquiry that the management can solve. This change has been received with a lot of positive attitude from

Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Safety - Essay Example The first step I will consider as a safety professional is to review the firm’s past safety issues. By knowing the weak areas, I can easily identify the precise place to start implementing new safety measures. It is also important that I ensure direct access to the top manager in the manufacturing plant, since lack of management buy-in may make the safety initiatives not long lasting. I should also have access to every work area and department, and must question employees freely for the purpose of information gathering. Regular status report will be prepared so that I can update supervision on current safety proposals and identify areas that should be improved on (Pradeep 8). Record keeping and documentation will help me to give written evidence provided by the new safety program to show positive results and also to protect the firm incase of a safety inquiry or when a lawsuit is filed. I can also include consultants cite testing to determine employee preservation of safety in formation. According to Janicak, (182), a manufacturing plant needs some OSHA regulations applicable to it as not all the regulations apply. To determine the type of regulation, I will first consider the types of products that are being manufactured by this plant. For example, if the company deals with chemicals, then OSHA regulations dealing with chemicals will be applied, while if the plant does not deal with chemicals, then different regulations will be followed. By clearly reading the regulations from the OSHA website, I will use my knowledge that every type of manufacturing plant has some regulations to follow and thus will reform the old ones and update the newest on a regular basis. To be an effective advocate for safety in an organization, I need to stay firmly in charge by letting all the employees know that I am concerned and doing all I can to create a safety environment (Gail 30). Taking my time as their representative by being close to them and being inquisitive on how they are doing will demonstrate good safety leadership. A good safety leader also shares information with the employees immediately they are available and encourage employees to talk freely about their painful experience in the workplace. Exercise 2 Voluntary Protection Programs OSHA created a VPP to recognize industrial firms that show exemplary health and safety programs, exceeding the least requirement put up by the Code of Federal Regulations. As a safety professional, I would advocate that our manufacturing plant strive to be recognized as a VPP star company. This is for the reason that the firm has a responsibility to train workers, watch their health status, and correct issues related to safety. This will ensure that the workplace and the environment are free of any possible risks or require engineering directions to be implemented, that is, use of protective equipment to limit existing and known hazards. It is also important for continual improvement safety and health traini ng and recognizes excellence in the programs offered by the company. Advantages of a company being involved in VPP Some of the advantages of the company being involved in VPP include: reduced employees’ compensation cost, improved motivation for employees to work safely, resulting in better productivity and quality, recognition in the industry and community, and improvement in existing safety and health programs ( Manuele 235). Disadvantages OSHA has set compliance criteria that

Global Warming Issues Facing the U.S. Today Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Issues Facing the U.S. Today Essay Throughout history, the fastest increase rate in the average global temperature has been recorded during the past 50 years, and experts further believe that the trend is alarmingly accelerating. Global warming is a complex phenomenon, and its full-blown consequences are difficult to foresee ahead of time. Nevertheless, every year scientists gain more knowledge of how global warming is upsetting the planet, and many have the same opinion that definite outcomes are expected to take place if present trends persist. Unless Americans reduce global warming emissions, distressing and almost irreversible impact on the country, planet and its life will be greatly expected in the near future. United States Issues Air pollutants, particularly carbon dioxide that is accumulating in the atmosphere is condensing extensively, trapping the heat of the sun and causing the earth to warm up. Despite the fact that Americans make up merely 4 percent of the world’s inhabitants, yet through fossil-fuel burning, they generate roughly 25 percent of the worldwide carbon dioxide pollution, which is considerably the largest share of any nation (â€Å"Global Warming Basics†). In the United States, the largest sources of carbon dioxide are the coal-burning power plants, producing 2. 5 billion tons annually; while automobiles running throughout the country’s streets are the second largest source, producing almost 1. 5 billion tons each year (â€Å"Global Warming Basics†). In the United States, global warming is already causing damage in its numerous regions. In June 2006, a panel organized by the United States National Research Council, the leading science policy body of the country, expressed confidence that the planet is the hottest it has been in at least four centuries, and probably even the last 20 centuries (â€Å"Global Warming†). Snow buildup in the United States has declined by almost 60 percent and winter seasons have abridged in a number of regions of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon since the early 1950s (â€Å"Global Warming Basics†). Oregon, Arizona and Colorado suffered their most terrible wildlife seasons, and drought produced relentless dust storms in Kansas, Colorado and Montana, and floods caused hundreds of millions of dollars in destruction in North Dakota, Kansas, Colorado and Montana. All the same, by the last part of the century, global warming is expected to further elevate the typical temperatures of the United States to three to nine degrees, which is expected to affect more of the country’s species and wildlife that cannot endure warmer environments. Americans wellbeing is as well in jeopardy, as abnormal climate changes may bring about the spread of certain illnesses, a greater possibility of heat stroke, poor air quality, and the flooding of the country’s foremost cities. Conclusion America must take a leadership function in solving the global warming crisis. Technologies exist today that make power plants produce electricity from nonpolluting sources, cars burn less gas and run cleaner, and electricity consumption lower and more efficient. Americans can take the initial move in seriously campaigning for energy conservation and manufacturing of more efficient appliances, as well as increase their reliance on renewable energy sources such as geothermal, sun and wind. Currently, the challenge for the country is to be certain that these solutions are implemented. Unfortunately, while the technologies are present, the country’s political and corporate will to put them into extensive exploitation are waning. Without doubt, every Americans must demand for it if development and environmental sustainability are desired to be achieved. Works Cited â€Å"Global Warming. † 2008. Standford SOLAR Center. 16 March 2009 http://solar-center. stanford. edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm. html. â€Å"Global Warming Basics. † 18 October 2005. Natural Resources Defense Council. 16 March 2009 http://www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/f101. asp.

Censorship On The Internet :: essays research papers

Censorship on the Internet Five years after the first world wide web was launched at the end of 1991, The Internet has become very popular in the United States. Although President Clinton already signed the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the censorship issue on the net still remains unresolved. In fact, censorship in cyberspace is unconscionable and impossible. Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard for judging materials, and censorship is an abridgment of democratic spirit. Firstly, censorship on the Internet is an international issue. The Internet was constructed by the U.S. military since 1960s, but no one actually owns it. Thus, the Internet is a global network, and it crosses over different cultures. It is impossible to censor everything that seems to be offensive. For example, Vietnam has announced new regulations that forbid "data that can affect national security, social order, and safety or information that is not appropriate to the culture, morality, and traditional customs of the Vietnamese people." on June 4, 1996. It is also impossible to ban all things that are prohibited in a country. For instant, some countries, such as Germany, have considered taking measures against the U.S. and other companies or individuals that have created or distributed offensive material on the Internet. If the United States government really wanted to censor the net, there is only one solution - shut down all network links of other countries. But of course that would mean no Internet access for the whole country and that is disgust by the whole nation. Secondly, everyone has their personal judgment values. The decision of some people cannot represent the whole population of those using the net. Many people debate that pornography on the net should be censored because there are kids online. However, we can see there are many kids of pornographic magazines on display at newsstands. It is because we have regulations to limit who can read certain published materials. Likewise, some people already use special software to regulate the age limit in cyberspace. Why do people still argue about that? It is all about personal points of views. Justice Douglas said, "To many the Song of Solomon is obscene. I do not think we, the judges, were ever given the constitutional power to make definitions of obscenity."II. In cyberspace, it is hard to set up a pool of judges to censor what could be displayed on the net. Thirdly, censorship works against democratic spirit, it opposes the right of free speech and is a breach of the First Amendment.

China 1400’s

In the early 1400’s most people did not venture outside of their birthplace. Most did not live long lives. They died either from child birth, famine, or sickness. Their knowledge of Arts, medicine, work, and law was confined to the small village and the families that lived there. They would have traveled only a few miles to the next village to trade or shop for necessities. The bulk of their food intake would have been corn, wheat, sorghum, rice and barley. But not too far away in the same world there were missionaries, pilgrims, explorers, conquerors, seaman, caravan leaders and merchants.Explorers and conquerors made their way to villages and took people into their web of networks most against their will. In the beginning merchants were like lower class people. They were watched closely, and their activities were regulated. However as the world got bigger the merchants grew in power, wealth, and status. China was a power house in the early 1400’s. They were an advance d region and would have been best prepared for the emerging world market. They were trading silk, spices, tea, religion, and sickness. Sickness was a drawback/ disadvantage of having travelers, merchants and traders in your area.China had a fleet of ships that traveled to places such as Calicut, Thailand, and other countries. But in 1421 a emperor named Yongle stopped a voyages by the Ming Fleet, and in 1436 emperor Zhu Qizhen ordered the destruction of all shipbuilding plans. China became isolated from other countries and isolated from itself merchants and traders were not supported by the government and were not protected from pirates. The population almost tripled in size from the 1400’s to the 1600 to a staggering 160 million. The majority were poor and could not purchase from Chinese traders.